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Adab or Udab (Sumersky: Adab^ki a UD.UNU^KI) bylo starověké sumerské město. Leželo mezi jinými sumerskými centry Nippurem a Girsou. Dnes se na jeho místě nachází město Bismája, v guvernorátu Wásit, Irák. {{Infobox settlement}}

Historie a nálezy

Adab byl obýván minimálně od období prvních sumerských dynastií. Podle sumerského příběhu Inanna v podsvětí se za vlády Dumunzi z Uruku v Adabu nacházel chrám E-šar, zasvěcený právě Inanně. V jiném příběhu, nazvaném Dumunziho sen, je Dumunzi z Uruku svržen hladovým davem, ve kterém jsou jmenovitě zastoupeni i obyvatelé Adabu.

Král města Kiš, Mesilim, podle záznamů vládl i v Adabu, kde nechal vybudovat chrám. Jeden z adabských panovníků, Lugal-Anne-Mundu, který je uveden v Sumerském královském seznamu, je zmiňován i v dobových záznamech. Podle pozdějších přepisů dokonce založil rozlehlou říši (která však neměla nijak dlouhého trvání), rozkládající se od Elamu až po amorejská území u Jordánu. Dále je město Adab zmíněno na tabulkách z archívu v Eble jako obchodní partner severosyrské Ebly a to krátce před jejím zničením.

V Bismaji byla nalezena mramorová socha dalšího adabského krále, jehož jméno je překládáno jako Lugal-daudu, Da-udu, Lugaldalu a Esar.

Nápisy na cihlách, nalezené Banksem běhěm jeho archeologických vykopávek v Adabu, uvádějí, že akkadský vládce Narám-sín ve městě vybudoval chrám, zasvěcený bohyni Inanně. Brick stamps, found by Banks during his excavation of Adab state that the Akkadian ruler Naram-Suen built a temple to Inanna at Adab, but the temple was not found during the dig, and is not known for certain to be E-shar.

Several governors of the city under Ur III are also known. While no later archaeological evidence was found at Bismaya, the excavations there were brief, and there were later epigraphic references to Adab, such as in the Code of Hammurabi.

Archaeology

Male bust, perhaps Lugal-kisal-si, king of Uruk. Limestone, Early Dynastic III. From Adab (Bismaya).

A group of ruin mounds are what remains of the ancient city. The mounds are about {{convert|1.5}} long and two miles (3 km) wide, consisting of a number of low ridges, nowhere exceeding 12 m (40 ft) in height, lying in the Jezireh, somewhat nearer to the Tigris than the Euphrates, about a day's journey to the south-east of Nippur.

Initial excavations of the site of Bismaya were by William Hayes Ward of the Wolfe Expedition in 1885 and by John Punnett Peters of the University of Pennsylvania in 1889.

Excavations conducted there for six months, from Christmas of 1903 to June 1904, for the University of Chicago, by Dr. Edgar James Banks, proved that these mounds covered the site of the ancient city of Adab (Ud-Nun), hitherto known only from the Sumerian king list and a brief mention of its name in the introduction to the Hammurabi Code . The city was divided into two parts by a canal, on an island in which stood the temple, E-mach, with a ziggurat, or stepped tower. It was evidently once a city of considerable importance, but deserted at a very early period, since the ruins found close to the surface of the mounds belong to Shulgi and Ur-Nammu, kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur in the latter part of the third millennium B.C, based on inscribed bricks excavated at Bismaya. Immediately below these, as at Nippur, were found artifacts dating to the reign of Naram-Suen and Sargon of Akkad, ca. 2300 BC. Below these there were still 10.5 m (35 ft) of stratified remains, constituting seven-eighths of the total depth of the ruins. Besides the remains of buildings, walls and graves, Dr. Banks discovered a large number of inscribed clay tablets of a very early period, bronze and stone tablets, bronze implements and the like. Of the tablets, 543 went to the Oriental Institute and roughly 1100, mostly purchased from the locals rather than excavated, went to the Istanbul Museum. The latter are still apparently unpublished. But the two most notable discoveries were a complete statue in white marble, apparently the earliest yet found in Mesopotamia, now in the museum in Constantinople, bearing the inscription, translated by Banks as "E-mach, King Da-udu, King of, Ud-Nun"; and a temple refuse heap, consisting of great quantities of fragments of vases in marble, alabaster, onyx, porphyry and granite, some of which were inscribed, and others engraved and inlaid with ivory and precious stones.

Of the Adab tablets that ended up at the University of Chicago, sponsor of the excavations, all have been published and also made available in digital form online. Of the purchased tablets sold piecemeal to various owners, a few have also made their way into publication.

There is a Sumerian comic tale of the Three Ox-drivers from Adab.

See also

• Cities of the Ancient Near East
• Short chronology timeline

References

• Edgar James Banks, The Bismya Temple, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 29-34, Oct. 1905
• D. D. Luckenbill, Two Inscriptions of Mesilim, King of Kish, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 219-223, Apr. 1914
• Edgar James Banks, The Oldest Statue in the World, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 57-59, Oct. 1904
• Yang Zhi, The Excavation of Adab, Journal of Ancient Civilizations, Vol. 3, pp. 16-19, 1988
• D. D. Luckenbill, Old Babylonian Letters from Bismya, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 270-292, 1916
• {{1911}}

External links

• Three Ox-drivers from Adab
• Recent article on Edgar James Banks in "World and I"
• Digital images and Transliterations of 280 Adab tablets at University of Chicago
• NY Times note on the Bismaya excavations dated 1904
• Bismaya "re-excavation" project being funded by Shelby White - Leon Levy Program
• Translation of Three Ox-Drivers from Adab