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[[Image:Troubadour-2003.jpg|right|thumb|Novodobý minstrel při vystoupení]]
 
'''Minstrel''' byl [[středověk]]ý evropský [[bard]], který zpíval [[Píseň|písně]], jež vyprávěly příběhy o vzdálených místech a o skutečných či smyšlených historických událostech. <!-- Although minstrels created their own tales, often they would memorize and embellish the works of others. <ref> A history of English literature: in a series of biographical sketches, By William Francis Collier</ref> Frequently they were retained by royalty and high society. As the courts became more sophisticated, minstrels were eventually replaced at court by the [[troubadour]]s, and many became wandering minstrels, performing in the streets and became well-liked until the middle of the [[Renaissance]], despite a decline beginning in the late 15th century. Minstrelsy fed into later traditions of traveling entertainers, which continued to be moderately strong into the early 20th century, and which has some continuity down to today's [[busking|buskers]] or street musicians.
[[epika|epické]],
==History==
Initially, minstrels were simply servants at Court, and entertained the lord and courtiers with ''[[chansons de geste]]'' or their local equivalent. The term ''minstrel'' derives from [[Old French]] ''ménestrel'' (also ''menesterel, menestral''), which is a derivative from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''ministrello'' (also ''menestrello''), from Middle Latin ''ministralis'' "retainer," an adjective form of [[Latin]] ''minister'', "attendant" from ''minus'', "lesser".
 
Ačkoli minstrelové skládali vlastní příběhy, často si vypůjčovali a vylepšovali i písně svých kolegů.<ref> A history of English literature: in a series of biographical sketches, By William Francis Collier</ref> Obvykle si je na svém dvoře drželi [[Panovník|panovníci]] či příslušníci vyšší společnosti. Jak však rostla kultivovanost [[Šlechta|šlechtických]] a [[Panovnický dvůr|panovnických dvorů]], byli minstrelové postupně nahrazováni [[trubadúr]]y. Z mnohých se pak stávali potulní pěvci, kteří své umění předváděli na veřejných prostranstvích a v [[Hospoda|krčmách]]. Jejich obliba se udržela až do [[15. století]], kdy začala vlivem [[Renesance|renesančních]] vlivů klesat.<br/>
In [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon England]] before the [[Norman Conquest]], the professional poet was known as a ''[[scop]]'' ("shaper" or "maker"), who composed his own poems, and sang them to the accompaniment of a [[harp]]. In a rank much beneath the ''scop'', were the ''[[gleemen]]'', who had no settled abode, but roamed about from place to place, earning what they could from their performances. Late in the 13th century, the term ''minstrel'' began to be used to designate a performer who amused his lord with music and song.
Na tradici minstrelů později navázali [[Kočovnictví|kočovní]] umělci, kteří šířili kulturu po venkově až do počátků [[20. století]]. Jejich novodobými pokračovateli jsou do jisté míry současní [[Busking|buskeři]], tedy pouliční umělci.
 
== Historie ==
In a complex way involving invasions, wars, conquests, etc., two categories of composers originated. Poets like [[Chaucer]] and [[John Gower]] appeared in one category wherein music was not a part. Minstrels, on the other hand, swarmed at feasts and festivals in great numbers with harps, [[fiddle]]s, [[bagpipe]]s, [[flute]]s, [[flageolet]]s, [[cittern]]s, and [[kettledrum]]s.
Minstrelové byli původně dvorními služebníky, jejichž úkolem bylo bavit pána a jeho dvořany zpěvem rytířských [[Epos|eposů]] ({{Vjazyce|fr}} ''chansons de geste'') či jejich místní obdobou. <br/>
Výraz ''minstrel'' je odvozen ze [[Starofrancouzština|starofrancouzského]] slova ''ménestrel'' (či ''menesterel'' nebo ''menestral''), které pochází z [[Italština|italského]] ''ministrello'' (též ''menestrello''), jež vzniklo ze středověkého [[Latina|latinského]] označení pro [[Poddanství|poddaného]] ''ministralis''.{{chybí zdroj}}
 
<!-- In a complex way involving invasions, wars, conquests, etc., two categories of composers originated. Poets like [[Chaucer]] and [[John Gower]] appeared in one category wherein music was not a part. Minstrels, on the other hand, swarmed at feasts and festivals in great numbers with harps, [[fiddle]]s, [[bagpipe]]s, [[flute]]s, [[flageolet]]s, [[cittern]]s, and [[kettledrum]]s.

As early as 1321, the minstrels of [[Paris]] were formed into a [[guild]]. A guild of royal minstrels was organized in [[England]] in 1469. Minstrels were required to either join the guild or to abstain from practicing their craft. Some minstrels were retained by lords as [[jester]]s who, in some cases, also practiced the art of [[juggling]]. Some were women, or women who followed minstrels in their travels. Minstrels throughout Europe also employed trained animals, such as [[bear]]s. Minstrels in Europe died out slowly, having gone nearly extinct by about 1700, though isolated individuals working in the tradition existed even into the early 19th century. -->
 
== Související články ==
*[[Trubadúr]]
* [[Minnesang]]
*[[Kobzar]]
 
== Reference ==
Citováno z „https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel“