|
[[File:Ulpan 1955.jpg|thumb|Ulpan v [[Dimona|Dimoně]], 1955]]
'''Ulpan''' ([[hebrejština|hebrejsky]] {{Cizojazyčně|he|אולפן}}) je institut či [[škola]] zaměřující se na intensivní studium moderní [[hebrejština|hebrejštiny]], zpravidla v [[Izrael]]i. Primárním zaměřením ulpanu je naučit [[alija|přistěhovalce]] do Izraele základům moderní hebrejštiny. Většina ulpanů rovněž poskytuje [[vzdělání]] v oblasti izraelské kultury, historie a geografie. Smyslem ulpanu je pomoci novým [[občan]]ům Státu Izrael začlenit se do izraelské společnosti a jejího kultuního, sociálního a ekonomického života.
Koncept ulpanu vznikl záhy po vzniku Izraele v roce [[1948]]. Nově vzniklý stát čelil masivní imigraci, a to především z [[2. světová válka|poválečné]] [[Evropa|Evropy]] a arabských států. Jazyky, jakož i kulturní pozadí jednotlivých imigrantů se tak významně lišily. Ulpan byl proto vytvořen proto, aby nově příchozím do Izraele pomohl zvládnout základy jazyka a izraelské kultury.
Ulpany pokračují v práci s imigranty doposud; ačkoliv je v Izraeli řada ulpanů provozována soukromně, většinu jich provozuje [[Židovská agentura]], [[kibuc]]y, jednotlivé obce či [[univerzita|univerzity]]. Ulpany od jejich vzniku do dnešních dnů prošlo přes 1,3 milionu studentů.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelforus.com/info_ulpan.html|title=What is Ulpan|first=Israel For|last=Us|date=|website=www.israelforus.com|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref>
Ulpan Etzion in [[Jerusalem]]'s [[Baka, Jerusalem|Baka]] neighborhood was established in 1949 by Mordechai Kamerat as a model for Hebrew language education used across Israel. It was a residential facility for single [[Aliyah|olim]] between the ages 21 and 35 holding a bachelor's degree. Staff and students said that the atmosphere of the campus, its central location and the high quality of teaching, made it a sought-after destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/In-Jerusalem/Closure-of-Bakas-Ulpan-Etzions-spells-end-of-an-era|title=Closure of Baka's Ulpan Etzion's spells end of an era|author=|date=|website=jpost.com|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref> One of Ulpan Etzion's notable alumni was Israeli satirist [[Ephraim Kishon]]. News anchor [[Haim Yavin]] taught there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.jafi.org.il/papers/2001/march/jpmar29.htm|title=Absorbing culture|author=|date=|website=www1.jafi.org.il|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref>
The institution of the ulpan continues to serve immigrants today. There are numerous private facilities but the majority are run by the [[Jewish Agency]], municipalities, [[kibbutzim]], and the universities. Ulpanim used to be free to new immigrants (''[[Aliyah|olim]]'') to Israel. Nowadays the cost can vary depending on the type and length of the course. Since the establishment of the first ulpan in Jerusalem in 1949, more than 1.3 million new immigrants have graduated from ulpanim.
The ulpan framework has been adopted by other nations attempting to revive their own declining or lost languages. [[Wales]], [[Scotland]], and [[Norway]] have used the ulpan model for native language instruction. Certain language courses in Wales and Scotland have even retained the name "ulpan" (spelled "[[Wlpan]]" in Welsh and [[Ùlpan]] in Scottish Gaelic).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangor.ac.uk/ll/wfa/wlpan.php.en|title=Lifelong Learning at Bangor University|first=Bangor|last=University|date=|website=www.bangor.ac.uk|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulpan.co.uk/u/|title=Ulpan in Gaelic|website=ulpan.co.uk|accessdate=16 April 2018|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724111104/http://www.ulpan.co.uk/u/|archivedate=24 July 2012}}</ref> The [[Sami people]] of [[Norway]] sent a delegation to Israel in 2012 in order to experience Israel's ulpan program and apply its methods toward the preservation of its own threatened linguistic heritage.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cheslow|first=Daniella|title=Nordic people see hope of preserving culture, language in Hebrew revival|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/art/lifestyle/2012/03/12/334277/Nordic-people.htm|accessdate=12 March 2012|newspaper=[[The China Post]]|date=12 March 2012|agency=[[The Associated Press|AP]]|location=[[Jerusalem]]}}</ref>
==Kibbutz ulpan==
A number of [[kibbutzim]] across Israel also offer ulpan courses. The course typically lasts 5 months and the Ulpanists will usually work part-time on the kibbutz (either 4 hours a day or 8 hours every other day, depending on the kibbutz) in addition to their studies.
Participants have the option of choosing kibbutz ulpan programs either on religious kibbutzim in the [[Religious Kibbutz Movement]] (HaKibbutz HaDati), or on secular kibbutzim.
==Criticism of ulpan method==
A government study in 2007 has shown that even after five months of intensive Hebrew study at ulpan, sixty percent of new immigrants over the age of thirty cannot read, write or speak Hebrew at a minimum level. The situation amongst the Russian immigrant population is even more dire with seventy percent of immigrants not being able to understand the Hebrew television news.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/813198.html|title=haaretz.com - Most ulpan graduates over 30 are unable to read or write Hebrew fluently|author=|date=|website=haaretz.com|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref>
As a result of this study, the [[Knesset]] has set up an inter-ministerial committee to study the situation and make recommendations to improve and change the ulpan system. Several alternative teaching systems are being considered for use in the ulpan framework.<ref>[http://212.143.66.228/protocols/data/rtf/alia/2006-12-26.rtf Inter-ministerial committee discusses the crisis in the ulpan system (in Hebrew)]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Alija]]
* [[Židovská agentura]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
| 