Wikipedie

Wikipedista:JiriZamecnik/Pískoviště: Porovnání verzí

Interaktivně procházet historii
← Přejít na předchozí porovnáníPřejít na další porovnání →
Smazaný obsah Přidaný obsah
VizuálníWikitext
Bez shrnutí editace
Bez shrnutí editace
Řádek 13:
| administrativní dělení = 9 [[rajón]]ů
| rozloha = 306,0
| počet obyvatel = 1 463430 174885
| rok = 20062015
| hustota zalidnění = 4871,0
| etnické složení = [[Ukrajinci]] (cca 70 %), [[Rusové]]
Řádek 27:
}}
 
'''Charkov''' ({{Vjazyce2|uk|''Харків''}} / Charkiv; {{Vjazyce2|ru|''Харьков''}}) je [[Seznam měst na Ukrajině|druhé největší město]] [[Ukrajina|Ukrajiny]] (žije zde zhruba 1 463500 000 obyvatel). Leží v severovýchodní části země poblíž hranic s [[Rusko|Ruskem]]; je centrem [[Charkovská oblast|Charkovské oblasti]], historického kraje M[[Slobodská Ukrajina]] a celého širšího regionu východní Ukrajiny.
 
Město bylo založeno roku 1654 a po skromných začátcích jako malá pevnost vyrostlo v jedno z hlavních center ukrajinské kultury v [[Ruské impérium|Ruském impériu]]. Charkov byl prvních ukrajinským městem okupovaným [[Sovětská armáda|sovětským jednotkami]] v prosinci 1917 a až do ledna 1935, kdy došlo k přesunutí správy do [[Kyjev|Kyjeva]], fungoval jako hlavní město [[Ukrajinská sovětská socialistická republika|Ukrajinské sovětské socialistické republiky]]. Charkov je v současnosti administrativním centrem [[Charkovská oblast|Charkovské oblasti]] a [[Charkovský rajon|Charkovského rajonu]].
 
Město představuje taky významné centrum kultury, vědy, vzdělání, dopravy a průmyslu, sídlí v něm 60 vědeckých institucí, 30 institucí vyššího vzdělání, 6 muzeí, 7 divadel a 80 knihoven. Průmysl je specializovaný především na [[strojírenství]] a [[Elektronika|elektroniku]]. Průmyslové společnosti ve městě zahrnují globálně významné firmy jako Morozovovu kancelář designu či Malyševovu továrnu na tanky (největší producent tanku od 30. do 80.let 20.století), Chartron (letecká a jaderná elektronika) a výrobce turbín Turboatom.
 
{{Infobox settlement
|name=Kharkiv (Харків)<br>Kharkov (Харьков)
|image_skyline=Montages of Kharkiv.jpg
|imagesize=
|image_caption=Top left: [[Derzhprom]], Top right: [[Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute]], Middle left: [[Freedom Square, Kharkiv|Freedom Square]], Middle centre: [[Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv|Annunciation Cathedral]], Middle right: [[Assumption Cathedral, Kharkiv|Assumption Cathedral]], Bottom left: [[Kharkiv Oblast]] administration building, Bottom centre: [[Kharkiv Choral Synagogue|Choral Synagogue]], Bottom right: [[Taras Shevchenko]] Monument
|image_flag=Kharkiv-town-flag.svg
|image_shield=Kharkiv-town-herb.svg
|shield_size = 90px
|image_blank_emblem = KharkivSmartCity.jpg
|image_map = Charkiw-Ukraine-Map.png
|nickname=The First Capital of Ukrainian SSR,<ref>[http://old.atn.ua/newsread.php?id=2042&mode=print Первая столица]. АТН, 19 декабря 2002 г. {{ru icon}}</ref>{{efn|group=1|Kharkiv was a capital of the [[Soviet Ukraine]] for some 15 years in 1919-1934.}} Smart City
|map_caption = Map of Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{UKR}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Oblast]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Kharkiv Oblast]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Municipality]]
|subdivision_name2 = Kharkiv City Municipality
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = [[Gennady Kernes]]<ref>
[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/300596.html Kernes wins elections for Kharkiv mayor with over 65% of vote], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (31 October 2015)<br>[http://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economics/1480141-kurchenko_to_finance_kharkivs_preparations_for_eurobasket_2015_301524.html FC Metalist President Kurchenko to invest in Kharkiv’s preparations for EuroBasket 2015], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 April 2013)</ref>
|leader_title2 = [[People's Deputy of Ukraine|MPs]]:
|leader_name2 = [[Oleksandr Feldman]] <br />Anatoliy Denisenko<br /> Volodymyr Mysyk<br /> [[Vitaliy Khomutynnik]]<br /> [[Dmytro Svyatash]]<br /> Oleksandr Kirsch ([[People's Front (Ukraine)|PF]])<br /> Valery Pisarenko
|established_title = Founded
|established_date = 1654<ref name=KUW231114>[http://ukrainianweek.com/History/123906 What Makes Kharkiv Ukrainian], ''[[The Ukrainian Week]]'' (23 November 2014)</ref>
|established_title2 =
|established_date2 =
|parts_type = [[#Government and administrative divisions|Districts]]
|parts_style = <!-- Use "list" (for list), "coll" (for collapsed list), "para" (for paragraph format). Default is "list" if up to 5 items, then-->
|parts = List of 9
|p1 = Dzerzhynsky Raion
|p2 = Zhovtnevy Raion
|p3 = Kyivsky Raion
|p4 = Kominternіvsky Raion
|p5 = Leninsky Raion
|p6 = Moskovsky Raion
|p7 = Frunzensky Raion
|p8 = Ordzhonikidzevsky Raion
|p9 = Chervonozavodsky Raion
|area_total_km2 = 350
|population_as_of = 2014
|population_total = 1,430,885 {{decrease}}<ref name="population total Kharkiv">{{cite web|title=Major Cities in Ukraine by Population (2014)|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/ukraine-population/major-cities-in-ukraine/|publisher=World Population Review|accessdate=2014-04-14}}</ref>
|population_metro = 1,732,400
|population_density_km2 = 4500
|timezone = EET
|utc_offset = +2
|timezone_DST = EEST
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|latd=50 |latm=0 |lats=16 |latNS=N
|longd=36 |longm=13 |longs=53 |longEW=E
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = type:city_region:UA
|elevation_m = 152
|population_demonym = Kharkivite<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/1998/099820.shtml Ukraine's second Winter Olympics: one medal, some good performances], [[The Ukrainian Weekly]] (1 March 1998)</ref>
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 61001—61499
|blank_name = [[Licence plate]]
|blank_info = ХА, 21 (old)
|blank1_name = [[Town twinning|Sister cities]]
|blank1_info = <small>[[Belgorod]], [[Bologna]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Kaunas]], [[Lille]], [[Moscow]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]], [[Nuremberg]], [[Poznań]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tianjin]], [[Jinan]], [[Kutaisi]], [[Varna]], [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Brno]], [[Daugavpils]]</small>
|website = http://www.city.kharkov.ua/en/
|footnotes =
}}
 
'''Kharkiv''' ({{lang-uk|Харків}}, {{IPA-uk|ˈxɑrkiu̯|pron}}),<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web|url= http://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine |title= Kharkiv on Encyclopædia Britannica - current edition |publisher= Britannica.com |date= |accessdate= 2012-04-20}}</ref> or '''Kharkov''' ({{lang-rus|Ха́рьков|p=ˈxarʲkəf}}),<ref name=Britannica/> is the second-largest city of [[Ukraine]].<ref name="Kharkiv: #2 + situation October 2014">[http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/23/kharkiv-never-had-eastern-western-conflicts/ Kharkiv "never had eastern-western conflicts"], ''[[Euronews]]'' (23 October 2014)</ref> Located in the north-east of the country, it is the largest city of the [[Sloboda Ukraine|Slobozhanshchyna]] historical region. The city has a population of about 1.5 million people.<ref name="population total Kharkiv"/>
Řádek 294 ⟶ 232:
[[File:Gosprom Kharkiv.jpg|thumb|Modern view of the [[Derzhprom]] building]]
[[File:Piatykhatky.jpg|thumb|Memorial to the thousands of Ukrainian intellectuals murdered by the [[NKVD]] in 1937–38]]
When the [[Tsentralna Rada]] announced the establishment of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] in November 1917 it envisioned the [[Sloboda Ukraine Governorate]] to be part of it.<ref name=KUW231114/> In December 1917 Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine occupied the by [[Soviet power|Soviet]] [[Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia|troops]] of [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko]].<ref name="hdU Katchanovski">[https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC&pg=PA713&dq=kharkiv+antonov+1917&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-8a2jl9LJAhVEeA8KHfjwDuY4ChDoAQgaMAA#v=onepage&q=kharkiv%20antonov%201917&f=false Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe)] by [[Ivan Katchanovski]], [[Scarecrow Press]] (Publication date: July 11, 2013), ISBN 0810878453 (page 713)</ref> The [[Bolsheviks]] in the Tsentralna Rada moved to Kharkiv shortly after to make it their stronghold and formed their own Rada on 13 December 1917.<ref name="hdU Katchanovski"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CuLpivm5lDsC&pg=PA7&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=7N6JVOz0OIbyUr22g-AP&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv&f=false Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917–1934]. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1099-6 (page 7)</ref> By February 1918 Bolshevik forces had [[Russian Civil War|captured much of Ukraine]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1195&dq=bolsheviks+moved+to+Kharkiv+soviet+Ukraine&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ouGJVNi7D4Ou7gbjr4HoBA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=bolsheviks%20moved%20to%20Kharkiv%20soviet%20Ukraine&f=false World War I: A Student Encyclopedia]. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 1195. ISBN 978-1-85109-879-8</ref> In February 1918 Kharkiv became the capital of the [[Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic]]; but this entity was disbanded six weeks later.<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/05/22/ukraine-phony-war/ Ukraine: The Phony War?], [[The New York Review of Books]] (27 April 2014)</ref> In April 1918 the [[German Army (German Empire)|German army]] occupied Kharkiv.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYbw25xe-FwC&pg=PP121&dq=Central+Rada+Kharkiv+German&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=NcuIVKDcCMfkarOKgiA&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Central%20Rada%20Kharkiv%20German&f=false Spies and Commissars: The Early Years of the Russian Revolution]. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1-61039-140-3.</ref> And according to the February 1918 [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the [[Central Powers]] it became part of the Ukrainian People's Republic.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pt03BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205&dq=Kharkiv+German+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=s86IVIMtlNhqvIGB6AQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%201918&f=false Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. 98) (Volume 98)], [[Ibidem Verlag]], 2010, ISBN 383820042X (page 24)</ref> Early January 1919 Bolshevik forces captured Kharkiv.<ref name="KvUah5e">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT338&dq=Kharkiv+German+November+1918&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=N9KIVOT5MYfvapr4gagG&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Kharkiv%20German%20November%201918&f=false Ukraine: A History 4th Edition] by [[Orest Subtelny]], [[University of Toronto Press]], 2009, ISBN 1442609915</ref> Mid-June 1919 [[Anton Denikin]]'s [[White movement]] [[Volunteer Army]] captured the city.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA97&dq=Denikin+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=t9OIVOfkBtPSaKnwgtgL&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20Kharkiv&f=false The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression], [[Harvard University Press]], 858 pages, ISBN 0-674-07608-7, page 97</ref> In December 1919 the Bolshevik [[Red Army]] recaptured Kharkiv.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hV1h0_iMrE4C&pg=PA101&dq=Denikin+December+1919+Kharkiv&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ytWIVKrdMYOBUcnFg9AF&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Denikin%20December%201919%20Kharkiv&f=false The A to Z of the Russo-Japanese War]. [[Scarecrow Press Inc]]. ISBN 978-0-8108-6841-0 (page 101)</ref>
 
Prior to the formation of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Bolshevik]]s established Kharkiv as the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (from 1919 to 1934) in opposition to the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] with its capital of [[Kiev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2012/01/25/69897/ |title=Донбас і Україна (з історії революційної боротьби 1917–18 рр.) (Donbas and Ukraine. (From articles and declarations of Mykola Skrypnyk)) |publisher=Istpravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=2012-07-21}}</ref>
Citováno z „https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedista:JiriZamecnik/Pískoviště“