Wikipedista:Julie Vacková/editujte s odvahou: Porovnání verzí
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= Macrophage Polarization =
'''Macrophage polarization''' is a process when macrophages express different functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals.<ref>Mantovani, Alberto, et al. "Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes." Trends in immunology 23.11 (2002): 549-555.</ref> There are a lot of functional states of macrophage polarization and they can be fully polarized and acquire specific phenotype like M1 (classically activated macrophages) or M2 (alternatively activated macrophages). <ref>Hamilton, T. A. (2014). "Myeloid Colony Stimulating Factors as Regulators of Macrophage Polarization." Frontiers in Immunology</ref> These specific phenotypes depends on the tissue and specific microenvironment where macrophages are. <ref>Lawrence, Toby, and Gioacchino Natoli. "Transcriptional regulation of macrophage polarization: enabling diversity with identity." Nature reviews immunology 11.11 (2011): 750-761.</ref>
== M1 macrophages ==
Classically activated macrophages was named by Mackaness in the 1960s <ref>Mackaness GB: Cellular resistance to infection. J Exp Med 1962,116:381-406. </ref>. They express transcription factors like interferon-regulatory factor (IRF5) <ref> Krausgruber, Thomas, et al. "IRF5 promotes inflammatory macrophage polarization and TH1-TH17 responses." Nature immunology 12.3 (2011): 231-238.</ref> or pro - inflammatory molecules (e.g. IFN-b, IL-12, TNF, IL-6, IL-1b, specific chemokines antigen presentation molecules) or and provide host protection against bacteria or viruses by production of nitric oxide (NO). IFN-γ produced by Th1 lymphocytes is the most important cytokine which is responsible for classical macrophage activation. Natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages themselves are responsible for IFN-γ production as well. This cytokine regulate gene expression programs of macrophages like cytokine receptors, cell activation markers or cell adhesion molecules. For classical macrophage activation is necessary also lipopolysaccharide (LPS) – typical for gram negative bacteria – which is mainly recognised by TLR4, or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) – typical for gram positive bacteria. Granulocyte – macrophage colony stimulation factor (GM-CSF) stimulate M1 too. <ref>Martinez, Fernando O., and Siamon Gordon. "The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment." F1000prime reports 6 (2014). </ref>
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